William Shakespeare s King Lear - 2504 Words

Lear s endeavor gets revitalized with every generation that hears the saga, whether from myths, fairy tales, or from King Lear itself. A timeless story, King Lear remains one of Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies for its universal themes involving communication, morality, and family. The fall of characters in King Lear presents audiences with the frailty a community can exhibit from rulers’ pride. Stressing this message, Shakespeare mirrors the main plot surrounding Lear s family with the sub-plot of Gloucester and his sons. Through the use of dialogue exploring motivations for character actions, King Lear amplifies the complexity of emotions in society. By sending Lear on a journey into the hardships of a primitive life to test his mental stability, Shakespeare establishes how madness can lead to clarity. Placing their affection in the wrong hands produces an onslaught of tragic events for those in this play who bare their heartstrings. Shakespeare’s King Lear dra matizes how the use of language, the authenticity of civility, and various manifestations of love affect relationships as well as psychological development. Words within King Lear, whether read or heard, leave a lasting effect on the characters by triggering the disintegration of their relationships. King Lear stresses how language can be used to victimize people behind a veneer of legitimacy. Regan, Goneril, and Edmund in the opening scenes use their eloquence as a tool to fulfill their agendas when the threeShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1564 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is universally known for his literary output both in poetry and drama. Whether through his laugh-invoking comedies or his heart-wrenching tragedies, Shakespeare’s plays have changed the course of literature. Many of his plays about love are widely praised by all, but Shakespeare s King Lear differs from the rest due to its definition of love. King Lear serves as an battleground between deception and compassion, between flattery and honesty. Rather than focusing on romantic loveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1550 Words   |à ‚  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: By facilitating the growth of evil within William Shakespeare’s King Lear, it is evident that the tragedy’s protagonist, King Lear can be held accountable for his own victimization and ultimate downfall. The most notable aspects of this self-induced victimization include Lear’s own lack of practical wisdom and divergence from the natural order, combined with the neglect of kingship, that enables Lear as a tragic hero to create the conceptual framework in which the ulterior motives ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear3086 Words   |  13 PagesJerion Young Ms. Woods English IV 4 March 2015 King Lear William Shakespeare uses several literary elements in his writing, elements which are especially apparent in his play, King Lear. Shakespeare uses excellent creativity and description when writing this tragedy. â€Å"Neither has Shakespeare placed in the mouth of any other character in this play such fatalistic expressions as may be found in King Lear and occasionally elsewhere†(A.C. 2003). The way King Lear talks in this play is very evil compared toRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1611 Words   |  7 Pagesexperience life-changing events that jeopardize our sense of identity and make us question how we value ourselves. Our perception of our worth can change with what we learn through our existence, much like the characters in the play King Lear by William Shakespeare. Adversity and hardship are inevitable when characters are unable to connect themselves within their own identity or find a loss of self at some point in their role. The self-awareness, an essential a spect of their role, of many ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1320 Words   |  6 Pagesothers. Having strong communication skills allows one to better understand the situation at hand. Proper communication is essential to working out problems because of this reason. In the play King Lear by William Shakespeare, Lear communicating with his daughters, Gloucester communicating with his sons, and Lear communicating with Kent are all examples of failure of communication, which later lead to consequences and hardships that the characters must face. Without proper communication, people willRead MoreBlindness By William Shakespeare s King Lear2212 Words   |  9 PagesMaysoun Deeb Mr. A. T. Lebar EN4UN-04 13 July 2015 King Lear Blindness by definition, according to dictionaries, is â€Å"unable to see and lacking the sense of sight† by which King Lear, the classic tragic play written by William Shakespeare, illustrated the concept of blindness amongst his characters as the leading theme. King Lear and Gloucester were the characters that have been conflicted by this â€Å"blindness† that may or may not change their personalities in the very end of the play. Gloucester becomesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1546 Words   |  7 PagesTwo Sides to Every Person There are two sides to every story; that of the protagonist and that of the antagonist. As shown in the Shakespearean play King Lear, there is very little difference between the two. Edmund, who appears to be a villain, is more than meets the eye. His evil is a rebellion against the social order that denies him legitimacy. His villainy does not come from innate cruelty but from misdirected desire for familial love. His remorse in the end displays his humanity and blindnessRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1510 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare’s King Lear deals with tragic human relationship like the other tragedies of the author, but this story was written in social aspect and raises the doubtful point on legitimacy of some political systems. In this play, various characters form multi-layered kconflict relations. Thus, the story is being propelled towards tragedy due to numerous inner and outer conflicts of each character. However, as it is brought into being a charact er, Edgar in the end of the story, it implies new beginningRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1470 Words   |  6 Pagesduring the Elizabethan era, making it relatable to all audiences, especially the modern audience, leaving room for multiple perspectives and understanding of the play. Shakespeare’s play ‘King Lear’, depicts the main protagonist’s ‘gradual descent into madness’ as a result of the forces of evil acting in the play for Lear has, to an extent, have sinned though it can’t outweigh that he has been sinned against. This is confirmed through Lear’s injudiciousness to see through his two eldest daughter’s internalRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear 1306 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"All...shall taste the wages of their virtue...the cup of their deservings. (5.3.317-320)† King Lear is frequently regarded as one of Shakespeare’s masterpieces, and its tragic scope touches almost all facets of the human condition: from the familial tensions between parents and children to the immoral desires of power, from the follies of pride to the false projections of glory. However, one theme rings true throughout the play, and that very theme is boundless suffering, accentuated by the gruesome

The Horse Dealer’s Daughter Free Essays

This presentation reviews the short story, â€Å"The Horse Dealer’s Daughter,† written by D. H. Lawrence. We will write a custom essay sample on The Horse Dealer’s Daughter or any similar topic only for you Order Now What appears to be a desperate situation in Mabel’s life turns out to be a moment of epiphany between her and Fergusson when they both realize that they have stumbled upon love inadvertently. It took life teetering on the edge to force them out of their routines to see each other in a different way. ?Animals the three sons and daughter of the horse dealer are compared to animals (mainly dogs and horses); the older brother, Joe, is described as a â€Å"subject animal† that is about to â€Å"marry and go into harness,† on the other hand, Fred Henry thinks of himself as an â€Å"animal which controls,† Mabel is named † bull-dog† by her brothers. ?They are all represented by the narrator through an imagery of four horses having no sense of direction and walking in a movement that â€Å"showed a massive, slumberous strength, and a stupidity which held them in subjection. † ? Writer describes the physical attributes of the characters ? Inability of both the family and the horses to intelligently respond to situations which bewilder them and over which they have no control. ?Pond ?This drowning in the pond represents the summit of Mabel’s depression and confusion. The rescue, on the other hand, represents a second chance to her. ?Dead and cold. ?Dr. Fergusson had no feelings for Mabel before the incident. The narrator describes the pond as lifeless right before the doctor had entered it. Before going in, the relationship between them was dead and cold, and they had no passionate feelings for one another. Dr. Fergusson tries to rescue Mabel for no other reason but because he was doing his job. The pond also describes Dr. Fergusson’s life as dull and pointless. His life was still and silent before he had met her. ?He was afraid to go in too deep into the pond, and was afraid of drowning. This represents his fear of falling in love. He was scared of the water because he could not swim, and also because he was scared of love. He never experienced it, so it frightened him. When he finally falls in, he felt Mabel’s clothing and pulled her up. This means that when he fell into the pond, he found love. ?Clothes When she is out of the wet and dirty clothes, she is freed from her troubles. The dirty clothes represent how she was before she fell in love. It also represents how she was suicidal and depressed. â€Å"She had on her best dress of black voile,† expresses her happiness and eagerness to start something new. Before she fell in love, she never wore clothing as elegant a s this dress. This is something new to her and something she wants to try out. Her change of clothes also represents her change of personality and attitude. She changed from a quiet woman that always kept to herself, to a loving woman that is open- minded. She now feels that there is something to live for since there is someone to love. ?Jack, in saving her life, is bound to Mabel through saving her and this is amplified by his removing her clothes and rubbing her dry. Lawrence exhibits Mabel’s life as cold, void, and depressed. Comfort was found in tending the grave of her mother. Mabel was emotionally dead. Jack Ferguson lived a routine in life. Jack was spiritually dead. Perhaps Lawrence tells us that many relationships between men and women happen, perhaps without rhyme or reason or even love. How to cite The Horse Dealer’s Daughter, Papers

Final Business Research

Question: Discuss about the Final Business Research. Answer: Introduction Business Research Topic The topic of this research study is the effect of digital marketing upon the growth of small business companies of Australia. Digital marketing has emerged to be an important part of the current business scenario. With developing technology and growing globalisation, the concept of digital marketing has emerged to be an important aspect for small and medium size businesses in Australia (Falzon and Williamson, 2011). The research topic mainly aims to observe the role of digital marketing in the growth of SMEs in Australia and how these organisations can use the digital marketing strategy to gain a competitive advantage in the market. Along with that, it is important to understand the technology that is used in developing digital marketing by SMEs. Research Questions Small and medium size enterprises face different challenges in the Australian market due to the overwhelming competition and present of the giant business organisation (Gupta and Dhami, 2015). The research aims to answer different questions related to digital marketing in SMEs of Australia. Hence, it is important to develop different primary and secondary questions that will be answered during the research study. The questions that are needed to conduct the analysis are presented herein below: What do you mean by digital marketing and how it impacts the growth of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Australia? What are the advantages and challenges of digital market for the success of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Australia? What is the impact of digital marketing tools on the growth of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Australia? What innovative technologies of digital marketing tools can be used for successful operations of the Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Australia? How digital marketing technology does contribute to the growth of a number of business clients for the Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Australia? Research Background In the modern business industry, the internet has become an additional attachment to the business environment. Social media platform has become one of the major digital marketing tools utilised by the MNCs and SMEs for significant business development (Ewing, 2012). Apart from the social media platform, other digital marketing tools such as blogs, podcast, newsletters and other online advertisements have played a major role in promoting the products and services of SMEs all around the market. In the past, business organisations primarily utilised print media marketing and television marketing concepts to promote business at the domestic level (Gray, 2011). The internet services and facilities have comprehensively changed the overall structure of SMEs business marketing so that organisations can access a maximum number of target demographics utilising online marketing tools. Meanwhile, in this way, social media marketing such as Facebook, Twitter, and Google Plus have become the prima ry digital marketing tools to get a maximum number of subscribers and followers (Alford, 2013). The digital marketing and online newsletters have actively directed the consumers to buy products online in a numerous procedure. Hence, the online facilities and system can be used to achieve unlimited target demographics effective for product selling. Based on the same topic the research has been proposed to identify how the internet and digital marketing tools have made its mark on developing Australias SMEs (Karjaluoto and Ulkuniemi, 2015). Discussion of Data Sources, Attributes, Collection, and tie-in to the Research Question The research questions have been developed by studying prior researches of different authors. Previous literature has been chosen as the main source of data for conducting the study. Several theories presented by different authors will be used and applied in real life scenarios to judge the importance of digital marketing in the present business scenario for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (M. Kang, K.P. Johnson and Wu, 2014). The literature relevant to answer the research questions will be chosen in a purposive manner to conduct the analysis. Along with that, data will be collected from primary sources in the form of a direct survey. Different managers and owners of small and medium business organisations will be asked to present their views on digital marketing and tools used for promoting businesses in Australia. Research Methodology The research mainly aims at conducting a literature review that will present a study on the prior theories developed by earlier researchers. Along with that, the research will use primary data collection method by conducting a survey of more than 50 managers and owners of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Australia. The survey will be conducted to collect their views on the digital marketing and see how these entrepreneurs apply digital marketing for the survival and growth of their business (Leng, 2013). The collected data will be analysed with the help of qualitative analysis method in which the findings of the study will be presented in a thematic manner. Along with that, a quantitative research analysis will be used to evaluate the reliability of the data. Research Process The research project will start will choosing of the topic which important aspects of a research study. The secondary data sources will be chosen according to the sampling technique and data will be collected to conduct a literature review. The literature review will be drawn and on the basis of the literature review, the research question and hypotheses statement will be prepared for conducting the analysis. After that, the data collection method will be selected, which is followed by the collection of data to conduct further analysis. The collected data will be analysed and interpreted according to the selected method of analysis. The analysed data will be presented in the form of results and findings. A proper discussion will be drawn on the results and findings of the research with the recommendation for further improvements. Finally, the conclusion will be drawn relating the findings of the study with the present situation in the Australian market. Research Outline The research report has been developed into five chapters. The first chapter introduces the reader to the topic and research questions. The first chapter also present a brief idea of digital marketing and the methodology that will be used to conduct the report. The second chapter is the literature review in which the previous ideas and literature of different authors will be critically evaluated to draw the research questions and methodology for the further study. The third chapter presents the data collection and analysis method that has been used to conduct the research. Next is the discussion chapter in which the findings of the research will be discussed to draw proper recommendation for the improvement of digital marketing in the Small and Medium Sized Enterprises. Finally, the paper ends with the fifth chapter that presents future work possibilities and conclusion on effects of Digital Marketing on the growth of SMEs in Australia. Literature Review Introduction In order to determine the competitive nature of Australian SMEs, digital marketing tools can be recognised as one of the basic components for successful business operations. The review of the literature has been presented based on four logical research questions to be answered to understand the position of digital marketing tools in the growth scenario of Australian SMEs (Grant, 2015). The introductory businesses in the Australian markets would be highly benefited from the ultimate outcome of the research results. By realising the effectiveness of digital marketing tools, more value will be put on the internet based marketing to secure maximum target demographics for any small and medium enterprise businesses (Fernandes and Vidyasagar, 2015). The first research question will evaluate the basic advantages of digital marketing for successful market operations. On the other hand, the second question will identify the supportive factors of digital marketing in the growth of Australian SM Es. In addition to that, the third question will produce evidence of positive impact of digital marketing in operational management of SMEs (Keeler, 2014). Last but not the least; the final question will evaluate the contribution of digital marketing tools to maximising the client base of the SMEs opening new business dimensions. Advantages of digital marketing for the success of organization400 Hypothesis Ho: Digital Marketing is more advantageous for the growth of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Australia. H1: Digital Marketing is more challenging for the growth of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Australia. Customer Driver Database about Social Networks Customer driver database is an essential element for direct marketing for any small and medium sized enterprises in Australia. It is form of database that provides the organisations with a huge amount of information on customers. On basis of the information companies can plan their promotion strategies and target their customers accordingly. Social media marketing is primarily used to create contents that attract more customers (Chaffey et al., 2012). It also helps the organisation to collect feedbacks of the customers over their products and services. For example, Eagle Boys Company in Australia has started to use social media site in their marketing in order to gather overseas customers. Pop ups are another form of online advertisement that is used to attract customers over different websites (Kelly-Holmes, 2015). It is also used to collect information of the customers in form of their name, number and email address. Hence, it can be seen that there are a huge number of organizatio ns that uses customer driver database to develop their promotion techniques over the internet (Couldry, 2012). Advantage and Disadvantage of Digital Marketing The advantages of digital marketing are discussed herein below: Reduced Costs: The most important advantage of digital marketing is the reduced costs because it replaces the expensive advertisements such as television, radio and yellow pages. Results in real time: The organisations do not need to wait for a longer period to promote their businesses. It is a faster way of attracting customers (Ryan, 2014). Organisations can simply see the number of their visitors in their website and also can see the increase in the number of subscribers. Simple to measure: Organisations can simply measure the outcome of digital market by judging the result on the sales of the products and services. Hence, it is a faster process of promotion. Brand development: It is an important way of developing the brand using the trademarks and logos of the organisation. Along with that, it creates a better impact on the young generation people. The disadvantages of digital marketing are discussed herein below: High level of competition: There are a huge number of organisations using digital marketing to promote their businesses (Kelly-Holmes, 2015). Therefore, the level of competition is high and growing at a faster pace. It is not appropriate for all customers: It is not appropriate for aged people or customers who are not a regular user of internet. Chances of being copied: The promotion techniques or advertisement used by an organisation can be easily copied by any other organisation. Clutter in online marketing: There are many people who ignore online advertisements (Nadaraja and Yazdanifard, 2013). It leads to useless attempt of advertising. External Success Factors and user Benefit The external success factors are discussed herein below: Great system of promotion: The concept of digital marketing has become more scientific rather than being artistic. There is a need to have in-depth knowledge and understanding of technology. There is a need to spend a huge amount of money to accurately apply the digital marketing strategy into action. Quality content: There is a need to provide quality content that will be capable of attracting people (Taiminen and Karjaluoto, 2015). Useless advertising can lead to negative impact on the promotion of the businesses. Therefore, it is important for the organisation to use contents that adds value to the customers to attract them towards the products and services. Focus on customer preferences: Digital marketing helps to focus on customer preferences by advertising contents that are actually needed by the customers (Azam and Quaddus, 2012). Hence, it is important for the small and medium sized organisation to understand the demand of customers in the market by focusing on their preferences. The user Benefits of Digital Marketing are Discussed Herein Below: Openness: Digital marketing helps to create customer loyalty and increases the reputation of the organisation (Morabito, 2014). For example, Breadtalk Company in Australia has created increased level of customer loyalty through digital marketing. Personalisation: It helps the organisation to personalise their promotion techniques by observing what is actually needed by the customers. It helps the organisation to link the database of the customers with their websites to build better content for promotion. Improvement of conversation rate: Digital marketing increases the conversation rate between the customers and organisation (Durkin, 2013). It helps to build better relationship with the customers. Conclusion It can be seen that digital marketing is used by most of the organisations in Australia. The benefits of digital marketing overlap the challenges which are positive aspects for small and medium sized enterprises in Australia. It can be seen that digital marketing creates prompt customer awareness and provides the organisation with enhance market reach and increase the customer traffic. Hence, it can be seen that digital marketing is an important factor for the success of small and medium sized enterprises in Australia. Effect of digital marketing tools for the growth of small and medium-sized organisation in Australia Hypothesis H0: Digital marketing tools effects positively for the growth of small and medium-sized companies in Australia H1: Digital marketing tools effects negatively for the growth of small and medium-sized companies in Australia Co-Relation Between Internet use, Speed and Digital Marketing As digital marketing tools are completely operated on the internet platform, use of internet and speed of internet have been major components in a target market. In the case of Australian territory, the common public is very much tech savvy. Therefore, small and medium enterprise businesses can get maximum business clients on the internet using digital marketing tools (Chauhan and Gupta, 2010). Furthermore, the 4G internet speed has provided significant support to the SMEs for digital marketing concepts. In this way, digital marketing can play the role of Word of Mouth for significant awareness of brands and products. SMEs have actively promoted new advertisement campaigns through YouTube and other social media to improve the awareness of products and services promoting the growth of the business (Chen, 2013). Growth and Causes of Shift from Mainstream Papers to Digital In the conventional marketing concepts, SMEs need to invest lots of money and time to see the effectiveness of public relations developed through marketing strategies. In the past, SMEs have to arrange significant funds for advertisements and promotional activities. But, at present, online marketing has significantly reduced the expenditure of media advertisements (Chahal and Kaur, 2013). SMEs can utilise Google AdWords and other digital marketing tools to direct the purchasers to the website. In addition to that, direct marketing has featured many issues and obligations relevant to print media. But, in the digital marketing companies do not need to worry about such challenges. Identically, the smartphones, tablets and other hi-tech devices have given the opportunities to the SMEs to reach a maximum number of business clients using the virtual internet platform (Cui and Choudhury, 2012). Conclusion The analysis can significantly identify the benefits of digital marketing tools for the effective growth model of Australian SMEs. Purposely, digital marketing has helped the SMEs to reduce the cost of promotion and advertisements (Butler, 2015). As the marketing cost is reduced to a significant extent, SMEs can put the money for research and development segments for better services and product. Meanwhile, limiting the expenditure, digital marketing tools can enhance the growth opportunity at the highest level. So, H0 is true on this note. Innovative technologies of the digital marketing tool for the successful operation of a business in Australia Hypothesis H0: Innovative technology helps in successful operations of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Australia H1: Innovative technology do not helps in successful operations of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Australia Bus Model to Technology It has been found through study that marketing was restricted to hardcopies and papers in the earlier stage. Later on, the television and radio advertisement was introduced that brought a revolution in the marketing industry. After that came the concept of digital marketing. It can be seen that with the development of technology four topologies of digital marketing came into action. These topologies are known as suite, bus, platform and multi-platform. Previously, a single vendor was used for all marketing activities (Hwang and Park, 2013). But with the development of product and diversification of product portfolio, the concept of multi-platform and bus model came into action. Bus model presented the use of multiple channels of communication with the customers that brought a revolution in digital marketing. It can be seen that Microsoft made a 18.6 percent increment in public commitment with the new model of marketing. Figure 1: Bus Model for digital marketing (Source: Fasbinder, 2012) The above communication has led to the formation of Enterprise Service Bus Model (ESB) such as Mulesoft, which is utilized by Zappos. Customer Data Platform (CDP) is utilized by the organizations and masked IP is used so that client base is not altered. This has also resulted in security restoration for all companies as bus topology helps in single channel communication that coordinates all other Independent software vendors (ISV). Through the Enterprise Service Bus Model, the customer services are able to communicate with each other and access client information in real time basis. The ESB usually translates a message in correct type and sends that to appropriate producer service. Figure 2: Enterprise Service Bus Model (Source: Durkin 2013) Hence, it can be seen that the new technology development in the digital marketing brought a change in the small and medium scale business. It helped to improve their quality of services (Grnroos, 2006). The technology became available in the market with lower cost that transformed the marketing industry from contemporary marketing to digital marketing. Digital Marketing Environment The Bus Topology Model is used to coordinate with the stakeholders. It can be seen that using a single bus channel, communication can be made effective and fluid. The database of every user is connected via IPs and APIs that interlinks every members of the organisation belonging to different departments. Figure 2: BUS Channel (Source: Fitzgerald et al. 2013) Hence, it can be seen from the above model that marketing activities can be more effective using digital means and developed technology. As the signals are not transferred back through the bus channel of communication, small scale organizations can effectively use them in promotion and marketing activities. Target Market Digital marketing helps in concentrating on a target market. It helps the organisations to select and segment the market according to the need of their products and services. Hence, the innovative technology development can be helpful in focusing on the target market and concentrating on particular area for development. Digital marketing helps the marketing executives to directly reply to the customers with the help of mails and social media that increases the sales of the company (Layton, 2011). Furthermore, the digital marketing tools like search engines optimisation and social media helps the organisation to directly reach their targeted customers in an appropriate and effective manner. Conclusion It can be seen from the analysis that digital marketing is an effective promotion tool with the bus model as it helps to identify the customer base and provide the organisation to build good public relation. Furthermore, it can be seen that the architecture and bus channel helps to correlate all users, departments, producers and clients under a single network. Thus, it can be seen that small and medium scale organisations can widely use distributed communication with the help of digital marketing tools. Digital Marketing Technology has Critically Contributed to the Growth of Australian SMEs providing more number of Business Clients Hypothesis H0: Digital marketing technology has positively contributed to the growth of Australian SMEs providing more number of business clients H1: Digital marketing technology has negatively contributed to the growth of Australian SMEs providing more costing to the business Digital Marketing and Market Competitiveness In Australian business territory, there are various industries and numerous SMEs operating for the existence. Hence, there is significant market competitions among the enterprises belong to the same industry (Ahuja, 2012). As a result, in order to get a sustainable competitive edge in the marketplace, SMEs have put the emphasis on modern digital marketing tools to get access to the massive online clients available in the social networking sites. Therefore, the current trend is supporting the digital marketing for the betterment of products and services sales. In the business environment, SMEs operating the Australian territory have actively utilised online marketing tools and technology to secure maximum market share (Dorland, 2014). Meanwhile, the digital technology and marketing concepts are so much cost efficient in compared to conventional marketing strategies. E-marketing and Digital Media Practices The competitive marketing industry in Australia has heavily relied on e-marketing at the current state of scenario. The SMEs of the Australian market have understood the massive client base and effective outcome of e-marketing concepts (Dou and Chou, 2012). Therefore, most of the conventional business and start-up enterprises have opted for online marketing against traditional marketing concepts. As the alternative and futuristic digital marketing concepts are more innovative and effective for business development, enterprises have made a small budget for online product or service promotions to get the best possible results (Ahuja, 2015). Clearly, the digital media marketing has an own impact on the development of SMEs business in the domestic marketplace. Companies are significantly utilised cost effective media marketing tactics to secure maximum sales figure and profitability (Kelly and Levitt, 2006). Conclusion As the discussion has come to the end, it can be seen that null hypothesis is quite supportive in the research analysis. There is the significant role of media marketing for effective market growth and business expansion of Australian SMEs. In addition to that, the cost-effective and time-saving procedures have got simple tactics to be implemented for maximising the results. Therefore, it can be convincingly concluded that digital media marketing technology has positively contributed to the growth of Australian SMEs providing more number of business clients (Margolis, 2015). Effective internet marketing has provided a systematic edge to the business sector of different SMEs operating in different industries in Australia creating competitive advantage. Conclusion It can be seen through the literature review that digital marketing is advantageous for the Small and Medium Sized enterprises in Australia. With development of technology, digital marketing can be widely used over contemporary marketing activities to grow the business in the intense competitive market. Digital marketing tools such as social media and search engine optimisation helps to reduce the cost of promotion and increase the market reach of the organisations. Along with that, innovative technology also helps to increase the number of clients for the Small and Medium Sized enterprises in Australia. Data Collection, Methodology, and Analysis Introduction to Data Collection and Analysis Data collection is one of the important activities of a research study. There are two different data collection process that are known as primary data collection method and the secondary data collection method. In primary data collection method, the data is collected from the primary sources in the forms of direct interview and survey. On the other hand, the secondary data is collected from secondary sources such as journal articles, newspaper articles, books, government reports and internet sources (Moran and Muzellec, 2014). The research mainly aims at conducting a literature review that will present a study on the prior theories developed by earlier researchers. The data is collected from previous papers written by other writers. Data is also collected from internet sources to enhance the database for the research. Along with that, the research will use primary data collection method by conducting a survey of about 60 managers and owners of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Au stralia. The survey will be conducted to collect their views on the digital marketing and see how these entrepreneurs apply digital marketing for the survival and growth of their businesses. The questionnaires used to conduct the survey have been presented in Appendix 1. Furthermore, the collected data will be analysed and interpreted to draw the results and findings of the research. Data Sampling Method As there are two types of data to be considered such as primary data and secondary data, the primary data sampling would be based on a survey of knowledgeable public attached to the SMEs and digital marketing industry. Basically, the survey programme will be conducted on 60 respondents who can be selected as main components of the research. The selection of respondents has to be made efficiently as the outcome of the research survey is going to be so much vital for research data. Meanwhile, 60 managers of Australian renowned SMEs can be identified for the research survey. First of all, the invitation must be sent to the respondents via e-mail to confirm their availability and suitability of time for the participation. The primary research data will be so much essential for significant research study (Enrick, 2008). Therefore, SMEs must be selected on a higher priority. At the given timeframe, the research questionnaires must be produced in front of the managers and make sure they will answer as much as possible. For the best sort of participation, the respondents must be briefed about research aim and importance of the study (Varey, 2006). The experimental format of the questionnaires must impress the respondents to get the most suitable answers to collect primary data. Apart from that, previous literature and research studies must be taken into consideration to accumulate secondary data and information sufficient for research perspective (Meadows-Klue, 2008). In this way, compact data samples can be prepared according to the hypothesis questions. In addition to that, government policies and e-marketing concepts and the reach of the digital market at the current scenario in the Australian market can be analysed to get maximum secondary research data supportive for further evaluation. Proper data management and analysis of data will rely on the data sampling formulated through survey answers and analysis of secondary data resources as described above. Data Analysis Data analysis is the most difficult and complicated part of the research study. There are different types of data analysis methods that can be used to analyse the collected data. The different types of data analysis are quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis and descriptive analysis. In qualitative analysis, the collected data is analysed without any mathematical and statistical calculations. It is analysed according to the research questions and hypotheses to get the final outcome of the research. The quantitative analysis method is used to present statistical analysis using mean, median and mode. The paper will use the qualitative data analysis method to analyse the prior literature presented by different authors. The qualitative analysis is basically used to conduct a literature review (Stroud, 2008). Furthermore, the research study will use the quantitative analysis to check the viability and reliability of the data. It will be used to conduct a statistical test of the data collected for the research. In this research, the data collected will be converted in variables to conduct further analysis. The results will be presented in a descriptive manner along with a discussion drawn in a thematic way. Hence, it can be seen that both qualitative and quantitative analysis will be used in the study to draw proper results and findings of the research. Conclusion At the end of the methodology section, it is required to draw a significant conclusion on the data collection and analysis of the data resources. Meanwhile, the data collection methods can be fully supported to get the most appropriate data and information relevant to the research project. By identifying the four basic hypothesis questions, the data collection method can deliver significant concept that can be verified through theoretical base. In terms of the review of literature, previously, most of the SMEs were against implementing digital marketing tools for business expansion. In the past, conventional print and television media were preferred by most of the business enterprise. But, the current data resources can identify the change in the scenario. Also, the data sampling technique will provide the primary data based on the survey on done on the public attached to the SMEs and digital marketing tools (Stephens, 2014). The appropriate data sample can provide enough comprehensi ve data and information supportive of the entire hypothesis. Meanwhile, the observation of data about digital marketing tools and effectiveness of the same can produce the level of accuracy to support the hypothesis. For research point of view, the record observations and survey on knowledgeable public can identify the best result supportive for further discussion. Discussion of Results Discussion on Hypotheses There are primarily four questions to be discussed and evaluated through research proposal. In the current state of scenario, each of the null hypotheses has been presented positive results. Therefore, it can be seen that digital marketing tools have positively contributed to the growth and market operations of Australian SMEs (Slimani, 2013). Each of the research questions can simply be answered in favour of the efficiency of digital marketing tools. Furthermore, digital marketing tools have reduced the advertisement and promotional costs of the SMEs providing a maximum number of a client base through online (Millman and El-Gohary, 2011). On the other hand, innovative technology of the digital marketing tools has critically contributed in a positive way to manage successful market operations for any SME. Basically, digital and internet based marketing has become the need of the hour. Social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter and Google Plus can be utilised for successful promotion of any business products and services to a vast client base. The virtual market platform has been actively utilised for successful product advertising. Also, the comments and ideas of the target demographics can be effectively followed to manufacture better products to meet the expectations of the buyers (Mort and Drennan, 2012). So, in the end, digital marketing tools have the power to create a broad channel of communication between buyers, sellers, distributors and manufacturers to support the growth of SMEs in the market of Australia. Understandably, the marketing technology is a lot more innovative and profitable in compared to conventional print media marketing concepts (Singhal, 2015). Hence, the single digital marketing platform can deliver multi-platform to the SMEs to make momentous market growth. Discussion on Literature and Research Results It can be seen through the literature review that digital marketing has been identified as a substitute over contemporary marketing. But, the concept of digital marketing has become famous and people have started using it at a high rate because of its advantages. It can be seen through a survey that around 29% of small and medium sized companies have definite digital marketing strategy to promote their businesses. On the other hand, most of the people use technology in their regular life to communicate with organisational members as well as with the customers. Hence, it can be seen that digital marketing has emerged to be an effective medium of communicating with the customers (Watfa, Najafi and Bakkar, 2013). Furthermore, it can be seen that the development of innovative technology has made the communication between the organisation and customers easier and effective. It has further increased the quality of services rendered by the small and medium scale organisations. The use of Bu s Channel model has been an example of innovative technology of digital marketing tool that has made the process easier and beneficial for the SMEs. Finally, the study and research results show that above 60% of people believe that digital marketing is beneficial for them. It has been found that digital marketing is cost effective. It increases the customer reach of the SMEs in Australia resulting in increased number of clients and loyalty of the customers (Sukhu, Zhang and Bilgihan, 2015). Along with that, it has been found that most of the managers and owners of SMEs perform the digital marketing activities by itself without any knowledge of marketing. Hence, it can be seen that digital marketing is an easier concept that can be applied by SMEs in Australia to seek growth in the market of immense competition. For further consideration, a brief findings of the survey is presented through graphs in appendix 2. Recommendations To promote digital marketing tools in the organisational framework, two recommendations can be followed as per the research outcomes. Select Market-oriented digital marketing tools: For the betterment of the business growth, SMEs operating in Australian territory must identify the best digital marketing tools for marketing products and services on a regular basis. In this way, the strategic decision of digital marketing can produce massive business clients to the SMEs effective for sustainable market expansion. Along with that, proper digital marketing tools can substantially identify the purchasing behaviour and level of expectations of the target demographics (Sharp, 2015). Therefore, for further data accumulation such marketing tools must be effectively monitored. Create significant training and development programmes to maintain the digital marketing tools: In order to manage sustainable digital marketing tools for significant marketing, precise training and development programmes will be required to get more trained employees who can manage the marketing tools on a continuity basis (Peterson, Rummel and Khan, 2013). In most the cases, it can be seen that SMEs have started the marketing at the online platform in an effective way but have failed to maintain consistent marketing. Therefore, the marketing graph will decrease at a significant level. To remove such issues and problems from online digital marketing, skilled human resources are required who can build the strong presence of the SMEs business to the virtual customers available on the internet platform. Conclusion and Future Work Conclusion The business research paper has been developed to identify how digital media marketing tools have turned the performance and productivity of SMEs in the recent years in the Australian market. The research outcome has ensured that most of the respondents have provided supportive statements for digital marketing concept. In the age of modern technology, business SMEs operating in the Australian market must ensure that they have applied best available online marketing resources for future benefits. Meanwhile, modern management of SMEs has identified digital marketing tools such as social networking sites, YouTube, blogs, online newsletters and much more for better marketing approaches. In this way, enterprises can promote their products and services to lead the purchasers to buy the products or services. Apart from that, the research can evaluate the impression of the online presence of organisations on the target customers. For quicker accessibility, modern buyers are quite reliable to e-marketing and online purchasing. At the end of all the discussion and research analysis, the research can identify the benefits and role of digital media marketing in the growth of SMEs in Australia. Most of the organisations have believed that the internet marketing has opened a massive communication channel to them. By utilising the channel, every enterprise and small and medium enterprise business can reach to the clients to promote latest product or service development. The research result can explain that business enterprises should improvise online digital media marketing for the sustainable growth model. Also, business SMEs can develop strategic plans through online marketing to achieve a competitive advantage as well. Future Work In modern business environment, digital media marketing and SEO agencies have become an integral part of business enterprises. In the upcoming future, more research should be concentrated on consultancy services offered by modern SEO agencies. The digital marketing management must be studied in a critical way to make a better understanding of the insight of the media to make efficient business promotion and advertisement. Management people should identify the modern digital marketing tools for specific marketing agenda. Meanwhile, by considering the motive behind digital marketing concepts, small and medium business enterprises can promote potential marketing communication channels to create a positive impression on buyers community. Therefore, more research study must be done the process and operation of digital marketing. At the same time, some of the challenges and issues associated with the online marketing concepts must be evaluated so that any legal or financial risks can be mi tigated through policy and practices. Hence, it would be the responsibility of the research team to analyse how digital marketing tools can be further utilised for innovative growth model of SMEs operating in Australia. Apparently, as digital marketing is an internet oriented and technology based process, governments role must be investigated to promote the same. Therefore, it would be ideal to make research on governments policy and practices to implement digital marketing tools to support the SMEs. References Ahuja, V. (2012). Market Influence Analytics in a Digital Ecosystem.International Journal of Online Marketing, 2(4), pp.42-53. Ahuja, V. (2015). Development of an optimal solution for digital marketing variables in an online tool.International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising, 9(1), p.49. Alford, G. (2013). The globalisation of marketing and the marketing of globalisation.Asia-Australia Marketing Journal, 1(2), pp.1-2. Azam, M.S. and Quaddus, M. (2012). Effects of internal and external factors on internet-based digital technology usage by SMEs in a developing country.Communications of the IIMA,12(4), p.41. Butler, T. (2015). Power Conflict, Commitment the Development of Sales Marketing IS/IT Infrastructures at Digital Devices, Inc.Journal of Cases on Information Technology, 7(3), pp.18-36. Chaffey et al. (2012).eMarketing eXcellence: Planning and optimizing your digital marketing. Routledge. Chahal, H. and Kaur, J. (2013). Impact of marketing capabilities on competitive advantage and business performance: research propositions.International Journal of Business Competition and Growth, 3(2), p.121. Chauhan, R. and Gupta, R. (2010). Digital content delivery and monetisation issues at vReach.International Journal of Technology Marketing, 5(1), p.6. Chen, G. (2013). Research on the Digital Marketing Theory Based on Web Technology.AMM, 380-384, pp.2087-2090. Couldry, N. (2012).Media, society, world: Social theory and digital media practice. Polity. Cui, G. and Choudhury, P. (2012). Marketplace diversity and cost effective marketing strategies.Journal of Consumer Marketing, 19(1), pp.54-73. Dorland, M. (2014). Digital Play: The Interaction of Technology, Culture, and Marketing (review).University of Toronto Quarterly, 74(1), pp.378-380. Dou, W. and Chou, D. (2012). A structural analysis of business-to-business digital markets.Industrial Marketing Management, 31(2), pp.165-176. Durkin, M. (2013). Tweet me cruel: Perspectives on battling digital marketing myopia1.The Marketing Review,13(1), pp.51-63. Enrick, N. (2008). Developing a cost-effective marketing information system.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 6(3), pp.157-166. Ewing, J. (2012). Marketing in Australia.Journal of Marketing, 26(2), p.54. Falzon, K. and Williamson, I. (2011). Digital Lodgement of Cadastral Survey Data in Australia-Issues and Options.Australian Surveyor, 46(1), pp.62-71. Fasbinder, D. (2012). Using digital technology to enhance restorative dentistry.Compendium of continuing education in dentistry (Jamesburg, NJ: 1995),33(9), pp.666-668. Fernandes, S. and Vidyasagar, A. (2015). Digital Marketing and Wordpress.Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(S4), p.61. Fitzgerald, M., Kruschwitz, N., Bonnet, D. and Welch, M. (2013). Embracing digital technology.MIT Sloan Management Review, pp.1-12. Grant, A. (2015). Navigating business-to-business marketing.J Direct Data Digit Mark Pract, 16(4), pp.241-241. Gray, J. (2011). Looking Forward, Looking Back: Analyzing the Digital, Interactive, and E-Marketing Horizon.Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing, 8(1), pp.55-71. Grnroos, C. (2006). Relationship Marketing Logic.Asia-Australia Marketing Journal, 4(1), pp.7-18. Gupta, A. and Dhami, A. (2015). Measuring the impact of security, trust and privacy in information sharing: A study on social networking sites.J Direct Data Digit Mark Pract, 17(1), pp.43-53. Hwang, Y. and Park, N. (2013). Digital divide in social networking sites.International Journal of Mobile Communications, 11(5), p.446. Karjaluoto, H. and Ulkuniemi, P. (2015). Digital communications in industrial marketing.Jnl of Bus Indus Marketing, 30(6). Keeler, M. (2014). A new approach to digital resource development (A new method for marketing digital technology).Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 26, pp.S85-S91. Kelly, J. and Levitt, T. (2006). Marketing for Business Growth.Journal of Marketing, 40(1), p.112. Kelly-Holmes, H. (2015). Digital advertising.The Routledge Handbook of Language and Digital Communication, p.212. Layton, R. (2011). A Review of Marketing Literature in Australia.Journal of Marketing, 45(2), p.159. Leng, H. (2013). Methodological Issues in Using Data from Social Networking Sites.Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(9), pp.686-689. Kang, J., K.P. Johnson, K. and Wu, J. (2014). Consumer style inventory and intent to social shop online for apparel using social networking sites.Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 18(3), pp.301-320. Margolis, N. (2015). New Technology Briefing: Digital exhibition spaces.J Direct Data Digit Mark Pract, 7(1), pp.72-80. Meadows-Klue, D. (2008). Mobile Marketing: Achieving Competitive Advantage Through Wireless Technology.J Direct Data Digit Mark Pract, 9(4), pp.406-408. Millman, C. and El-Gohary, H. (2011). New Digital Media Marketing and Micro Business.International Journal of Online Marketing, 1(1), pp.41-62. Morabito,V. (2014).Trends and challenges in digital business innovation. New York: Springer International Publishing. Moran, G. and Muzellec, L. (2014). eWOM credibility on social networking sites: A framework.Journal of Marketing Communications, pp.1-13. Mort, G. and Drennan, J. (2012). Mobile digital technology: Emerging issue for marketing.Journal of Database Marketing Customer Strategy Management, 10(1), pp.9-23. Nadaraja, R. and Yazdanifard, R. (2013). Social media marketing: advantages and disadvantages.Center of Southern New Hempshire University. Peterson, H., Rummel, A. and Khan, A. (2013). Cost-Effective Transport Choices for Wholesaler-Distributors Using Transport Probability Analysis.Journal of Marketing Channels, 3(1), pp.127-143. Ryan, D. (2014).Understanding digital marketing: marketing strategies for engaging the digital generation. Kogan Page Publishers. Sharp, A. (2015). Content or technology? Technology every time.J Direct Data Digit Mark Pract, 16(4), pp.255-259. Singhal, S. (2015). Operational issues in digital signature industry - case of ASN Solutions.International Journal of Technology Marketing, 10(2), p.209. Slimani, T. (2013). Concepts and Tools for Marketing Intelligence Development.International Journal of Innovation in the Digital Economy, 4(3), pp.15-34. Stephens, D. (2014). Delivering Cost-Effective Value-Added Customer Services.Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing Management, 8(4), pp.97-104. Stroud, D. (2008). Social networking: An age-neutral commodity Social networking becomes a mature web application.J Direct Data Digit Mark Pract, 9(3), pp.278-292. Sukhu, A., Zhang, T. and Bilgihan, A. (2015). Factors Influencing Information-Sharing Behaviors in Social Networking Sites.Services Marketing Quarterly, 36(4), pp.317-334. Taiminen, H.M. and Karjaluoto, H. (2015). The usage of digital marketing channels in SMEs.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,22(4), pp.633-651. Varey, R. (2006). Flying High in a Competitive Industry: Cost-effective service excellence at Singapore Airlines.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 14(2), p.51. Watfa, M., Najafi, N. and Bakkar, M. (2013). Targeted Online Marketing using Social Networking.International Journal of Online Marketing, 3(3), pp.37-50.

Leadership and Vision free essay sample

Having a clear, distinct vision and being able to set goals to achieve this vision are two of the most significant attributes a leader can possess. A leader must first determine who their vision might apply to, whether it be a particular group of people or the entire organization as a whole. Often, in lower management, a leader might need to organize a vision and goals for a small group of direct report, as opposed to a larger overall company vision. One of the most difficult parts of a vision is being able to communicate it to those employees around you or below you, and getting them to take the vision personally and dedicate themselves to achieving it as well. In the text â€Å"Leading and Leadership† by Don Clark, the author agrees with the important task managers have in convincing other team members of the importance of the goal, stating â€Å"Leadership is influencing others to truly WANT to achieve a goal† Don Clark, author of the aforementioned text, states three main ways he proposes you inspire your employees: Be passionate, get your employees involved in the decision making process, and know what your organization is about. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership and Vision or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In these three ways, you can present yourself as a leader who genuinely cares about the team as a whole and can effectively execute a plan to achieve the vision and mission stated. Allowing each employee to become involved in the decision making process means determining goals and objectives for each employee or department. This becomes extremely important in that it allows each member of the team to feel they are pulling the necessary weight to help achieve the vision. Even more beneficial to managers and leaders is the concept that â€Å"lower-level managers who desire more challenge generally become more committed and satisfied when they are given the opportunity to tackle significant problems. † (Kreitner, 2008) The feeling of unity and high morale and allows each team member to realize their worth. When determining goals, a leader has the ability to delegate tasks to other individuals and allow them to receive recognition for their abilities and strengths, which relates directly to Herzberg’s motivational factors or satisfiers. Once a leader has established goals and objectives, they must consistently maintain the success of the operation and guarantee the tasks are being completed to the advantage of the overall vision. During this, a leader has the opportunity to coach their team and genuinely show their ability to perform and succeed. Often, an employee wants to know that their manager is willing to perform the same tasks they have handed down, or that they were at some point able to do so. For example, in a sales environment, if a member of the sales production team knows their manager has no sales experience, only management experience, they lack faith in the manager as a leader. The significance of a vision and clear goal-setting cannot be underestimated for any organization. A manager and leader who has a clear vision for themselves, their team and the organization as a whole is likely to be more successful and better able to handle hardship if it arises. The team will be more closely knit and able to communicate clearly about the task and objectives they are assigned. Having a distinct vision, even if it is simple for yourself and your career, instills confidence in your abilities and demeanor, and is one of the easiest ways to attain a following amongst employees. References Clark, D. R. (2004). Leading and Leadership. Retrieved October 1, 2011 from http://www. nwlink. com/~donclark/leader/leadled. html Kreitner, Robert. Foundations of management: basics and best practices. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. , 2008. Print.

Free sample - Discussion Board 2 Homosexuality. translation missing

Discussion Board 2 Homosexuality. Discussion Board 2 HomosexualityIntroduction Homosexuality has become a very controversial issue in the past few months. Homosexuality has been defined as sexual behavior, attraction and intimacy among people of the same sex more so people of the male gender. It has to do with experience on sexual, romantic and affection attraction. The society has two views on homosexuality. There are people who look at homosexuality as aberration. That it is a disorder which is a pathological behavior. There is another opposing group of people that see homosexuality as a normal deviation in the human condition.   They say that it is determined before birth and that it is natural and normal for those that are thus oriented. This two opposing sides has had a major fight as to whether the condition should be allowed by the society or not. This paper explains why it should not be encouraged in the society. Discussion The question then is: How is homosexual harmful to the society and to individuals? Is homosexual beneficial to the society in any way? Homosexuality has had both advantages and disadvantages. However the advantages are only for those practicing it whiles the disadvantages have impacted both those who practice it and the rest of the people in the society. Most negative effects of homosexuality has been blamed on the society`s unwillingness to support gay relationships. However even if the society had agreed to support them the negative effects would have been worse because many would commit themselves openly to homosexuality aggravating the situation (Clinard and Meier, 2007). Statistics from a research carried out by Kinsey study indicated that homosexual men are likely to commit suicide six times more than heterosexual men. The rate of promiscuity displayed by heterosexual men are very high for instance 75 percent of the respondents admitted that half of those they had sex with were complete strangers. This exposes them to sexually transmitted diseases. Anal sex is a common practice among the gay people. This causes serious physical injuries because it destroys internal tissues and weakens the anal sphincter resulting to serious medical issues. People in homosexual relationships cannot have children except only if they look for partners who are not of their sex. Thus these relationships do not contribute in any way in providing for the society`s next generations and more so they are short lived. They do not have a complementary aspect that is healthy for individuals, children and the society at large. These individuals put the society at pains treating the illnesses they get especially their family members. Heir family members are disturbed both psychologically and financially. Most people in the society who argue for homosexuality and participate in it are positive about it more on the sexual attachment and satisfaction that they obtain from it. They actually know that the practice cannot bear them children nor fulfill their emotional need. In fact this is why those who practice homosexuality do not have long term relationships. This is because they move from one relationship to another because they are interested in the physical gain and satisfaction they get from it as opposed to emotional satisfaction. They know that the practice is more likely to get them infected with sexually transmitted diseases (Stewart, 2003). The question most homosexuals want addressed is why the society will not accept them the same way it accepts the heterosexual people. The question the heterosexual group asks is why the gays cannot stop that practice yet it is harmful not only for them but for the entire society and how homosexuality can be an in born condition yet it was unheard of in the early years. Conclusion These questions can be addressed by consulting the medical and psychological practitioners. It will be important if people understand that the negative aspects of homosexuality outweigh the positive aspects and that the male and female genders are in this world to complement each other. Therefore people should avoid homosexuality as much as possible and embrace heterosexuality which is advantageous. References Stewart, C. (2003). Gay and Lesbian Issues .Oxford: ABC-CLIO. Clinard, B.M. Meier, F.R. (2007). Sociology of Deviant Behavior. 13th ed. London: Cengage Learning.

How to Handle Post Interview Silence

How to Handle Post Interview Silence We’ve all been there. You get the interview.   You do well.   You send the requisite thank you note to follow up. And†¦ nothing. The doubts set in, so does the despair. Rather than sit there doing nothing, and going quietly insane, consider any of the following options. 1. Gently nudgeDon’t be annoying. Don’t stalk anyone. And don’t call multiple times. But you can make one targeted phone call, or send one email to follow-up after your follow up and inquire as to their hiring time table.2. StrategizeIf you’re going to go for the nudge, make sure you make a plan. Fight off the urge to nudge again after your nudge- ad nauseum. Promise yourself you’ll not follow-up again for two weeks, or whatever time frame makes most sense, then stick to that. Set yourself a follow-up calendar if you have a hard time keeping track. It’s good to show your interest and eagerness, but bad to take a step over the line into pestering.3. Take the hig h roadWhen you do get a person on the phone or via email, and you get slightly disappointing news- they’re waiting for a more experienced candidate, they’re nowhere near making a decision for internal, logistical reasons, or whatever else- try fielding it with grace. Being pleasant and professional and upbeat will go a long way. Even if you don’t get this job this time. Your demeanor will be remembered well.4. Work your connectionsSee if you know anyone in your social media network who works at the company. If you’re close enough to ask them, they might be able to give you some insights into the hiring process for your position.5. Take your cuesBefore you reengage to follow-up again, think about how your efforts went over the last time you got in touch. Was the door left open? Or did they make it more or less clear that you should follow the â€Å"don’t call us, we’ll call you† rule of thumb? Pay attention to the signals you’ve received and act accordingly.6. Aim higherIf you’re applying to a bigger company and feel your file has gotten lost in the bowels of HR, and you’ve weighed the risks, it might be appropriate to take your candidacy up the food chain. Try shooting a polite and professional inquiry to the person you’d be working for directly. You never know; they might admire your initiative.7. Trust yourselfListen to your gut instinct. Is it saying â€Å"you didn’t get this one, just let it go†? If that’s the case, cut your losses and move on. There is no call for desperation. There are other opportunities. Open yourself up fully to those once you realize a door is closed.8. Don’t take it personallyIf you do get rejected, or worse, just ignored, it probably says a lot more about the level of professionalism at that company than it does about you. It might even be the case that, over the course of your application, the company changed the scope of that position, or eliminated it entirely, and aren’t keen to publicize that fact. Sometimes never hearing back is just an unfortunate thing that happens. Let it go, smile wide, and move on. And keep the way they’ve handled this process in mind should they reach out to you in the future.

BHS 499 (Senior Capstone Project) Module 1 SLP Essay

BHS 499 (Senior Capstone Project) Module 1 SLP - Essay Example through eliminating healthcare acquired infections and other avoidable accidents. National Health Services (NHS) formulated the Quality Framework in order to achieve the more improve quality of care at the same time support local clinical teams that consist the following: (1) Bring lucidity to quality in terms of access to evidences on best practice; (2) Publication of quality information to make it available to the public; (3) Offering rewards to high quality care givers; (4) Safeguarding basic standards in healthcare setting; (5) Ensuring state-of-the-art medical advances and service design; (6) Distinguishing the role of clinicians as leaders in quality of care (Davis, 2005; p1 par 1). warning systems in therapeutic procedures for cures of progressive diseases such as cystic fibrosis, diseases like cancer and heart disease, implantation procedures of artificial hips and kidneys. Nanoparticles may be very useful to researchers to overcome problems in gene therapy, and treatment of genetically inherited diseases. .Nanoparticles generally used to apply heat to cancer cells so they will be killed.

Reverse Logistics Operations in the Ford Motor Co Research Paper

Reverse Logistics Operations in the Ford Motor Co - Research Paper Example Ford has always been credited with the manufacturing invention. Scone its founding in the late 19th century, the firms has been in the forefront of defining mass production. The founder of Ford, Henry Ford is credited to have been the inventor of the assembly line. With its over a hundred years in manufacturing automobiles and auto parts, Ford has come to know the importance of having a smooth supply chain and the logistics that goes into sustaining this supply chain. It is not just its supply chain; it is also about its reverse logistics which refers to the products or parts travelling backwards from the normal direction of the supply chain to the manufacturer. Reverse logistics has a impact on a business. For instance, some finished products may reach the market but have a default, the reverse logistics that are required to return these products to the factory for the correction of the fault are always important. Ford realizes that there is a need to carefully and efficiently manage these reverse logistics. No matter what, the reverse logistics associated with the return of faulty products are an expense to any firms (Davis, 2012). Automobile manufacturers stand to incur an even bigger loss with such reverse logistics. Many auto manufacturers have in the past found themselves in the situation where they need to reverse the logistics for a large number of logistics. For instance, the Japanese auto manufacturer has in the past needed to recall millions of cars after they have reached the market and a major fault is detected. For instance, there has been one of the cars from Toyota that had a fault with its acceleration and the fault had to be corrected back at their factories. Such reverse logistics cost the firm a lot of millions. Ford realizes that such reverse logistics need to be managed in a serious way and should not be treated as a secondary logistics. They realize that

The Handmaids tale Essay Example for Free

The Handmaids tale Essay Moreover, Offred is constantly looking for a way out, as she is hopeful that there is a resistance fighting back. She refers to this in one of her many daydreams, where she hopes for her husband, who disappeared during the overtake: â€Å"He made contact with the others; there must be a resistance, a government in exile. Someone must be out there, taking care of things. I believe in the resistance, I believe there can be no light without shadow; or rather no shadow unless there is also light. † (Atwood 130) Though she does not know anything for certain, the thought of him, her husband, fighting back and the hope that she may one day join him and the others – combined with her rebellious actions gives Offred strength to move forward with her life. Very much also a non- conformist is Offred’s long lost friend Moira. Moira was also forced into the role of a Handmaid; though, after a short period of time she became lethargic and, through a faking an illness, snuck out of the household that she had been staying at and found herself at Jezebels (an illegal strip club). Moira found her drive in becoming her own person, very unique from the conformed people, especially women that the government created. She was a powerful female character who stood up for herself and did what she had to, to get her way: Moira had power now, shed been set loose, shed set herself loose. She was now a loose woman. (Atwood 167) Moira goes against all norms, breaks free from the conformity and overall, participates in illegal activity – all in order to look for resistance and show that she is not owned by anyone, officially, or not. These two women, Offred and Moira, do not follow the conformity placed upon them; instead, they fight back, and from there gain willpower to stay happy and to push forward into situations that have the potential to make a difference in society, not only for themselves but also for the people around them. Atwood’s portrayal of both conformists and non-conformists serves as a commentary of women’s role in society. By contrasting the two types of characters, Atwood demonstrates the differences women are able to make in society if they oppose the conformist pressures of the male dominated world. In the novel, as discussed earlier, both the aunts and the wives are conformists; Atwood does not even give them personal names – they are usually referred to as a whole, with no distinctive characteristics. These women are dismissed as little more than bystanders, as they do not make their own decisions or stand up for their beliefs; instead, they merely go along with what others tell them. Contrary to these women are Offred and Moira, the non-conformist characters. These women are not afraid to take charge and fight against what is being forced upon them as ‘right. ’ In their roles, Offred and Moira are making, or attempting to make, a difference in their society by standing up for their morals and opinions. This therefore makes them strong female characters. Ultimately, it is not clear whether or not Offred is successful in finding the resistance; but, unlike the women who conformed, Offred at least attempted to make changes in her life so that she could be happy. Atwood thus uses the contrast between the conformist and non-conformist characters to demonstrate the effects of following the rules and the effects of going against them. The Handmaid’s Tale serves as a commentary about the role of women in society and the chances that they have to make a difference. Atwood’s overall theme is that women need to stand up for themselves in order to be happy and be in control of their lives. Works Consulted: Atwood, Margaret. The Handmaids Tale. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986. Print. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Margaret Atwood section.

Time Devices :: essays research papers

Definition of "'Time"': Term used to describe how long it takes to an event to occur. Time is used to classify events to "Events that happened" and "Events that will happen". It seems that time passes in the same pattern, and that time is equal to all but the "Theory of Relativity" proves otherwise. "Time is a relative thing" according to Einstein, which came out with the theory of Relativity. History of time: Records of time keeping are found 25,000 years ago, but of course, they weren't as accurate as now a days. Man used nature to indicate time e.g. Full Moons. It is widely suggested today that time was kept in a "Calendar"' way. This means that they divided the time into big units and could only tell the time in specific occasions. e.g. a normal person, 20,000 years ago couldn't tell his partner the time at any given period. He had to wait that the moon would go full, or the sun will dawn, or by looking at the stars, etc. They almost couldn't describe when in the future, a thing is to happen. They would say something like "In 2 full moons and a high sun we'll go hunting". He couldn't tell exactly in how many hours or minutes things will happen because as I said before Nature was his time keeper + The term "Seconds", "'Minutes, "Hours", etc, didn't exist back then. As mankind evolved, better ways to keep track of time were found. Man invented more and more devices as he evolved, and some of these devices are listed in the next section: Clocks: A time device used to keep track of the passing time. A clock must have 2 basic components: 1. Power Source 2. A "Release Power" source. Up till the beginning of the 1800's, sun clocks were the leading time devices worldwide. During the 14th century, the Italian Donadi family were the first to draw numbers on those sun clocks. The invention of the spring for clocks during the 16th century and the pendulum in 1671 were the first steps toward the replacement of the sun clocks with mechanical clocks. The hand clock (watch) was invented by A French Company named Berege back at 1810. During the 1800's a drastic advancement has occurred in mechanical clocks with the invention of the naval time keeper which is used up till today by sailors to find their position in an area.

Community Assessment and Analysis Essay

Yuma Community Of all the problems faced by Yuma community, along with the state ranking for teen births, the community also takes third place. (County Health Rankings, 2012). Programs that will help to educate teens on the importance of using birth control in order to stop undesirable pregnancies are a rising need within the community. Additional health problems for this community include obesity in the adolescent population; in 2005, the Yuma community had approximately thirty six percent of its adolescent in obese category, comparing to twenty nine percent in the entire state. (Centers for Disease Control, 2005). In the state The Steps program steered by the Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-Assessment for Child Care Centers, targeted five communities and over 2,200 children mostly decreasing sugary drinks, cumulative fiber intake and wholegrain foods. The state of Arizona as a whole is facing another larger issue in the Vaccination rate. World Health Organization mandates 95% of vaccination rate for the entire population. The rate of vaccination set by the state is 90% and the current rate of the State is 70%, which far below the target goal and is alarming. (Arizona Department of Health Service, 2011). Arizona Republic magazine reports that, I the upper and middle class one of the reason for non-compliance with immunization is fear of causing Autism. If given opportunity, the lower class families seem to show better compliance with immunization when cost factor is elicited (Alitucker, 2011). Location and climate play an important role in the health issues of this community. Mexico and California are the two borders of Yuma community. The economy and budget gets divided among law enforcement and Border patrol. The increasing crime rate requires the state to contribute a major part of its budget towards law enforcement and protection of its citizens, which takes a down toll on the availability of the public health res ources initiation. A health initiative, to utilize funding ,such as to ensure free water supply to all the community could benefit to elicit problems related to Dehydration in this desert climate. Educational status is another concern of this community. Hispanic population accounts for sixty percent. High rate of drop outs from school is considered to be related to language barrier. Education can play a vital role in enabling the community to critically to acknowledge problems and to find remedies to stay healthy as a community. Yuma Community can benefit from added funding to support and to maintain programs to stay healthy as a community. With the limited funding, community is able to assist with citizens with housing, health insurance including dental coverage in the community (Need Help Paying Bills, 2011). Yuma community cannot be considered totally poor, because the community consists of one main acute care hospital and two smaller hospitals inside a sixty mile distance. But the lack of Medical specialty such as Cardiac surgeries or those require high skilled treatments are not easily available within the community. The nearest specialty hospitals for children and adults are in Phoenix. Fatal accidents accounts as first reason for the higher death rate in the community. In 2007, the total death rate for the city of Yuma is higher than the state average in total, directing to fatal accidents as the source (Yuma, AZ, 2012). The functional health assessment of Yuma community, we have learned that there are many problems that can be considered in the County. Some of the key problems prominent are high rates of obesity, alcoholism, drug addiction, and teen pregnancy. Though the total obesity rates are close to national average, the statistics show that County has a much higher rate of adults that do not exercise. In order to care for the mental health needs of the community, the County has six addiction treatment centers. The suicide rate remains high even with the availability of mental health service within the community. There are two military bases to serve the community. The increased poverty rate is believed to be the reason for higher addiction rate. Yuma is the eleventh largest city in the state, but they have the third highest rate of teen births. There are several facilities in the county to assist socially with issues related to parenting; poverty, and employment, addition of more funding and facilities can be helpful to the community, to rebuild a healthier community. Even with all of these problems, several people are proud to call Yuma County their home. The friendship felt within the communities such as a military social function, the local bar, at the river, or out on the ridges leads many people to find a pleasant and happy life here. There are plenty of resources to help the population discover the services they require, and to enjoy a cleaner and healthier environment. With an added focus on the health issues, Yuma community can stay healthy and happy. Sleep and rest. The sleep habit of the people in Yuma is mostly uninterrupted. Most of them are sleeping 6-8 hrs at night. Going to bed At 10 pm and waking at 0600.There are full time workers with 12 hour and 8 hour schedules. Some of the members are doing the part time work, some are doing voluntary work. Some of the older population states that very seldom they use sleeping pills to promote sleep. Few of the ladies have the habit of drinking, hot milk before going to bed, limited number of ladies have the habit of drinking wine before sleep. Some of the adult populations have sleep apnea problems. Sound sleep indicates sound health of mind and body. Cognitive/Perceptual The primary language for this community is English. Increasing numbers of older adults have access to and are knowledgeable about computers. They are well educated and most of them are well employed. No communication barriers noted among this group. Libraries and internet facilities are available in the community for the members use. Most of the older people using glasses for the visual impairment and few of them were using hearing aid for the auditory impairment. The people go to the community college for short term career goals. It was interesting to note that some of the older people are continuing education. Self-Perception/Self-Concept Yuma city population consist of 29.6% under the age of 18, 11.9% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 17.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. Agriculture is a major industry in Yuma, topping Arizona counties in agricultural sales. In addition, Yuma County also houses the US Marine Corps Air Station and US Army Yuma Proving Grounds are located near Yuma City. Yuma County is thus characterized by large transient populations, as it is a temporary place of residence for agricultural migrant workers, winter residents and military personnel. With the beginning of the winter growing season in October, the county has a large influx of migrant farm workers and winter residents. In 2008, Yuma County was a temporary home to 41,314 migrant and agricultural workers and to 12,600 winter residents (Yuma Special Area Statistical Profile-2008). Hunting is a popular sport, as the county offers a variety of different types of game. Fun, Friendship, Freedom and fulfillment are the mission of Yuma County. The members are bound together by these missions. Some of the major attractions in Yuma County are the historical Territorial Prison, the Yuma Crossing Historic Park. Other great places to visit are the Kofa Mountain Range and Wildlife Refuge, and Martinez and Mittry Lakes. Sexuality/Reproductive The people in Yuma County believe that teen pregnancy and/or STDs are a major health issue in Yuma County. Youth and teens are most affected along with Hispanics and Native Americans. Compared to the 2010 health targets, however, Yuma County falls short in reducing teen pregnancy among 15-17 year olds, prenatal care, low birth weight, and fetal/infant death. The family environment was mentioned as a factor contributing to negative health outcomes stemming from the breakdown of the family. One interview respondent felt that â€Å"children do not have a sense of self-worth or self-esteem and are no longer being nourished; only sustained.† Interview respondents felt that parents do not have time for their children and there is a lack of communication between parents and children. Further, they felt parents are not involved or are not educated on how to take care of their children’s health. Most of the members are having annual physical checkup with mammogram and Pap smear. Community awareness program including the transmission and prevention of STD/ HIV / AIDS are being held in the community. Coping/Stress An important aspect of healthy ageing is the ability to cope with and adapt to life conditions and transitions. Participation in social activity helps the Yuma county people to cope with transitory, acute and chronic stressors in their lives. The accumulation of chronic health conditions can negatively affect psychological wellbeing and quality of life. In addition to health-related stressors, the death of a spouse is often a challenging loss for older population. Related to this, social isolation, loneliness and loss of social support systems may be additional stressors in older people’s lives that affect psychological wellbeing. There is evidence that both personal attributes and social resources influence the perceived severity of a stressor, and also the types of coping strategies that older women use to manage these stressors. The Yuma county members managing stress with multiple ways. Reference Best Places. (2012). People in Yuma County, Arizona. Retrieved November 29, 2012, from http://www.bestplaces.net/people/county/arizona/Yuma Centers for Disease Control. (2005). Teen obesity statistics. Retrieved November 27, 2012, from http://www.cdc.gov Child, youth, and school services. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.yumamwr.com/cys.html City of Yuma. (2012). Parks and recreations. Retrieved November 22, 2012, from http://www.ci.yuma.az.us/1357.htm County Health Rankings. (2012). Yuma, Arizona teen birth rates. Retrieved from http://m.countyhealthrankings.org/node/246/14

Oranges and Fair Trade Essay

In both poems â€Å"Oranges† and â€Å"Fair Trade† by Gary Soto, the author explores the recurring theme of compassion and pride. Both poems have several ways to show the theme. The poem â€Å"Oranges† is about young love and knowing how it once felt. At the beginning of the poem, I get the sense that the boy is a little apprehensive in meeting his girl as he states, â€Å"Cold and weighted down / with two oranges in my jacket. † Certainly two oranges aren’t going to weigh anyone down, therefore the image described must be the nervousness along with the anticipation of seeing meeting her. As I walked toward / her house, the one whose / porch light burned yellow / night and day, in any weather,† tells me about his burning passion for her. â€Å"She came out pulling / at her gloves, face bright / with rouge,† tells me that she is also excited to see him and that she is either blushing or has applied some makeup in the manner a young inexperienced woman would. As she comes out of her house, some of that nervousness exits him because he smiles and even has the courage to touch her shoulder. The line about the â€Å"used car lot† and â€Å"newly planted trees† is imagery about his reality and what kind of life he lives. As they enter into the drugstore and look at the candies, the boy is probably feeling for the first time a sense of maturity as he asks her what she wanted; because he’s able to buy her something. â€Å"The lady’s eyes met mine, / and held them, knowing / very well what it was all / about. † The imagery here provides some tension for the reader: â€Å"Will the boy ask the girl to change her selection? Will the saleslady demand cash or no sale? Although his courage is impressive, the risk was also a safe and intelligent bet: If the saleslady had refused to honor his orange for payment, he would still have the two oranges to share with the girl on their way home. The oranges give the narrator â€Å"weight† and importance, and then they became a medium of exchange used to buy the candy. â€Å"I took my girl’s hand / in mine for two blocks,† The boy’s reference to the girl as â€Å"my girl,† shows that he now feels in control. The boy proves himself and impresses the girl, which was the goal in the first place, and he is rewarded for his bravery by being allowed to hold her hand on the walk home. As the narrator describes â€Å"I peeled my orange / that was so bright against / the gray of December / that, from some distance, / someone might have thought / I was making a fire in my hands,† symbolizes the new energy of confidence he has in himself, as well as his increased affection for his girl. As a result, the imagery in this poem reflects the boy’s struggle in life from adolescence to adulthood. The poem â€Å"Fair Trade† is about money, pride, and sympathy. The title gave off an aura of sarcasm as he states, â€Å"she said, â€Å"Dollar thirty,† / I thought, No meat or butter. It wasn’t really a fair trade, because a dollar thirty for two slices of bread is quite expensive at his time. Neither did the waitress offered meat nor butter. â€Å"The man / hesitated, then fumbled for / coins from his pocket,† tells me that the man is poor, because he wouldn’t have been taken aback if he have lots of cash. Only the narrator sympathize the Mexican man as he states, â€Å"I stabbed the carrots, / hurting for this man. † I conclude that the bread may not have satisfied the man because he didn’t leave anything on his plate. At the end of the poem, the narrator tells us that the experience had left him a mark, that he wouldn’t forget the memory of that day. The images of the poem reflect the Mexican man’s pride and the narrator’s compassion towards him. Both poems teach us the same lesson; â€Å"Compassion comes from seeing others struggle. † The poems’ similarities are that they both have people who show sympathetic pity and concern to others. In the poem â€Å"Oranges,† the narrator describes compassion by his own experience, how pride affected him. On the other hand, the poem â€Å"Fair Trade,† describes the narrator’s interpretation of pride.

Joseph Winters and the Fire Escape Ladder

Joseph Winters and the Fire Escape Ladder On May 7, 1878, the fire escape ladder was patented by Joseph Winters. Joseph Winters invented a wagon-mounted fire escape ladder for the city of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. A historic marker was placed in 2005 at the Junior Hose and Truck Company #2 in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania noting Winters patents for the fire escape ladder and hose conductor and his work on the Underground Railway. It lists his dates of birth and death as 1816-1916. Life of Joseph Winters There are at least three different, widely varying birth years given for Joseph Winters, from 1816 to 1830 by various sources. His mother was Shawnee and his father, James, was a black brickmaker who worked at Harpers Ferry to build the federal gun factory and arsenal. The familys tradition said that his father was also descended Powhatan chief  Opechancanough. Joseph was raised by his grandmother Betsy Cross in Waterford, Virginia, where she was known as the Indian Doctor woman, a herbalist and healer. His later knowledge of nature may have stemmed from this time. At that time there were free black families in the area and Quakers who were active abolitionists. Winters used the nickname Indian Dick in his publications. Joseph also later worked at Harpers Ferry sanding brick molds before the family moved to Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. In Chambersburg, he was active in the Underground Railroad, helping enslaved people escape to freedom. In Winters  autobiography, he claimed to have arranged the meeting between Frederick Douglass and abolitionist John Brown at the quarry in Chambersburg before the historic Harpers Ferry raid. Douglasss autobiography credits a different person, local barber Henry Watson. Winters wrote a song, Ten Days After the Battle of Gettysburg, and also used that as the title for his lost autobiography. He also wrote a campaign song for presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan, who lost to William McKinley. He was noted for hunting, fishing, and fly-tying. He engaged in oil prospecting in the Chambersburg area but his wells only hit the water. He died in 1916 and is buried in Mount Lebanon Cemetery in Chambersburg. Fire Ladder Inventions of Joseph Winters Buildings were being built taller and taller in American cities in the late 19th century. Fire crews at that time carried ladders on their horse-drawn fire engines. These were usually normal ladders, and they couldnt be too long or the engine wouldnt be able to turn corners into narrow streets or alleys. These ladders were used to evacuate residents from burning buildings as well as to give the firemen and their hoses access. Winters thought it would be smarter to have the ladder mounted on the fire engine and be articulated so it could be raised up from the wagon itself. He made this folding design for the city of Chambersburg and received a patent for it. He later patented improvements to this design. In 1882 he patented a fire escape that could be attached to buildings. He reportedly received much praise but little money for his inventions. Fire Ladder Patents US patent #203,517 Improvement in fire-escape ladders, granted on May 7, 1878.US patent #214,224 Improvement in fire-escape ladders, granted on April 8, 1879.US patent #258186 Fire escape, granted on May 16, 1882.

Jomon Culture Hunter Gatherers of Japan

Jomon Culture Hunter Gatherers of Japan Jomon is the name of the early Holocene period hunter-gatherers of Japan, beginning about 14,000 B.C.E. and ending about 1000 B.C.E. in southwestern Japan and 500 C.E. in northeastern Japan. The Jomon made stone and bone tools, and pottery beginning at a few sites as early as 15,500 years ago. The word Jomon means cord pattern, and it refers to the cord-marked impressions seen on Jomon pottery. Jomon Chronology Incipient Jomon (14,000–8000 B.C.E.) (Fukui Cave, Odai Yamamoto I)Initial Jomon (8000–4800 B.C.E.) (Natsushima)Early Jomon (ca 4800–3000 B.C.E.) (Hamanasuno, Tochibara Rockshelter, Sannai Maruyama, Torihama Shell Mound)Middle Jomon (ca 3000–2000 B.C.E.) (Sannai Maruyama, Usujiri)Late Jomon (ca. 2000–1000 B.C.E.) (Hamanaka 2)Final (1000–100 B.C.E.) (Kamegaoka)Epi-Jomon (100 B.C.E.–500 C.E.) (Sapporo Eki Kita-Guchi) The Early and Middle Jomon lived in hamlets or villages of semi-subterranean pit houses, excavated up to about one meter into the earth. By the late Jomon period and perhaps as a response to climate change and a lowering of sea levels, the Jomon moved into fewer villages sited mainly on the coastlines and there relied increasingly on river and ocean fishing, and shellfish. The Jomon diet was based on a mixed economy of hunting, gathering, and fishing, with some evidence for gardens with millet, and possibly gourd, buckwheat, and azuki bean. Jomon Pottery The earliest pottery forms of the Jomon were low-fired, round and pointed-based forms, created during the Initial period. Flat-based pottery characterized the Early Jomon period. Cylindrical pots are characteristic of northeastern Japan, and similar styles are known from mainland China, which may or may not suggest direct contact. By the Middle Jomon period, a variety of jars, bowls, and other vessels were in use. The Jomon have been the focus of much debate concerning the invention of pottery. Scholars today debate whether pottery was a local invention or diffused from the mainland; by 12,000 B.C.E. low-fired pottery was in use throughout East Asia. Fukui Cave has radiocarbon dates ca. 15,800–14,200 calibrated years BP on associated charcoal, but Xianrendong Cave in mainland China so far holds the oldest pottery vessels discovered on the planet, by perhaps a thousand years or so. Other sites such as Odai Yamomoto in Aomori prefecture have been found to date the same period as Fukui Cave, or somewhat older. Jomon Burials and Earthworks Jomon earthworks are noted by end of the Late Jomon period, consisting of stone circles around cemetery plots, such as at Ohyo. Circular spaces with earthen walls up to several meters high and up to 10 meters (30.5 feet) thick at the base were built at several sites such as Chitose. These burials were often layered with red ochre and were accompanied by polished stone staffs which may represent rank. By the Late Jomon period, evidence for ritual activities is noted at sites by elaborate grave goods such as masks with goggle eyes and anthropomorphic figurines accompanying burials placed in ceramic pots. By the Final period, farming of barley, wheat, millet, and hemp developed, and the Jomon lifestyle diminished all over the region by 500 C.E. Scholars debate whether the Jomon were related to the modern Ainu hunter-gatherers of Japan. Genetic studies suggest that they are likely biologically related to the Jomon, but the Jomon culture is not expressed within modern Ainu practices. The known archaeological correlate of the Ainu is called the Satsumon culture, who are believed to have displaced the epi-Jomon about 500 C.E.; Satsumon may be a descendant of the Jomon rather than a replacement. Important Sites Sannai Maruyama, Fukui Cave, Usujiri, Chitose, Ohyu, Kamegaoka, Natsushima, Hamanasuno, Ocharasenai. Sources Craig OE, Saul H, Lucquin A, Nishida Y, Tache K, Clarke L, Thompson AH, Altoft DT, Uchiyama J, Ajimoto M et al. 2013. Earliest evidence for the use of pottery. Nature 496(7445):351-354.Crawford GW. 2011. Advances in Understanding Early Agriculture in Japan. Current Anthropology 52(S4):S331-S345.Crema ER, and Nishino M. 2012. Spatio-temporal distributions of Middle to Late Jomon pithouses in Oyumino, Chiba (Japan). Journal of Open Archaeology Data 1(2).Ikeya N. 2017. Group migration and cultural change following the Akahoya volcanic ashfall: Identifying the pottery production centers at the beginning of the Early Jomon period of Japan. Quaternary International 442(Part B):23-32.Moriya T. 2015. A Study of the Utilization of Wood to Build Pit Dwellings from the Epi-Jomon Culture to the Satsumon Culture in Hokkaido Region, Japan. Journal of the Graduate School of Letters 10:71-85.Nakazawa Y. 2016. The significance of obsidian hydration dating in assessing the integrity of Holocene midden , Hokkaido, northern Japan. Quaternary International 397:474-483.